WPC I-JٖǬqC|;B'bḕa }$#Sx= HkYu7e>(0'QNXpqFti@!LGCwテPlj(C}ǥ.("Dc݈܊a ړB]˰ό"&$_BYKh/ + ndd&&? DVhzT#"x^Q_)vJFIo G6i9z.31E !`-+J?dj\-\+t{$H%i_q7}p*t5]QN٧,넹dB]7_bvrM{8uA3 /̹^zCY@e}QVhyL?OUMB2PPK}X~1;&ypP!J?p7UVQގo#2U1N %I 0(O^ ww4 m 1 1uJ 0c 0C"!e! 0wC( 0(U.J) 1x) 0) 1* 1a+ 0U+=, 1- 1- 0e. 0v. 0)S/ 0|/U@;0 1{0U@1 0B1 01 0l2 0 3 13 0n4 1]5 15 1m6 16 1{7 18 18 09 19 1P: : 1: 1s;N; 0; 0< \= %w= 0= 0C> 0> 0 ? 0 T? 0hR@M@ 0@}A 0CB 0C 0eC 0 D 0D 0hE 1F 0F 0G 0G 05H 0H(I 0I 0J 72/K 0aK 0K 0L B)M 0FM 0MU">VN(NbN$N 0NN6OU'@WOWOWOWOW 0 Y 0<0Z 0lZ [ 0^^ 0__ 0` 0@a 0a 0>b 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 0zg 0\h 0i 02i 0j 0:k 0YPk 0_k 0 l 0m 0n B*p D/p D+p 0q D/$s 0Ss 06!t 0Wt 0:_u 0^u 0<uU 63vU*iv 0v 0Bw 0w 0x 0z 0:^{ 0{ 0V| 0 e} 0$q~ 0! 0 0ԁ 0 0 0 0. 0*@ 0'j 0$ 0! 0֋ 0 0 0' 0-< 0i 0'x 0$ 0!Ô 0 0 0 05 0 J 0 V 0!_ 0 0 0 0Ѡ 0 0 0  0$ 0!: 0[ 0y 0 0 0 0Ӭ 0 0- 0*' 0'Q 0$x 0! 0 0۵ 0 0- 0*; 0'e 0$ 0! 0ѽ 0 0 0" 07 0*I 0's 0$ 0! 0 0 0 00 0 E 0$Q 0!u 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0 , 0!5 0V 0t 0 0 0 0 0  0$ 0! 01 0O 0j 0 0 0 0 0- 0* 0'' 0$N 0!r 0 0 0 0 0- 0*) 0'S 0$z 0! 0 0 0 0* 0" 0 0 0R 0  0  0g 0 00 0- 0*# 0'M 0$t 0! 0 0 0 00 0-"  0*O! 0'y" 0$# 0!$ 0% 0' 0( 06) 0-K* 0*x+ 0', 0$- 0!. 00 0,1 0G2 0_3 0'n4 0$5 0!6 07 08 0: 0+; 0@< 0R= 0-g> 0*? 0'@ 0$A 0! C 0*D 0HE 0cF 0{G 0H 0 I 0$J 0!K 0L 0 N 0&O 0>P 0 SQ 0$_R 0!S 0T 0U 0V 0W 0 Y 0Z 0.[ 0F\ 0*[] 0^ 0$_ 0!` 0a 0b 0d 0 e 0$f 0!Bg 0ch 0i 0j 0k 0l 0m 0-n 0*p 0'Dq 0$kr 0!s 0t 0u 0v 0x 1ey 7{y 0By 0By 1e z 7rz B-zU2zU,zU2 {={={={Fr"#ڎrLC4O4i >q 2TTTTTTT 2\\a2\HPLJ5_JLC,,,,0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX(${ G, +sing|3|x U 5CEKQW]cioAutoList1I.a.I.I.I.I.I.I.3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(;3$2#  0  .3  0  ($     _\@R3'Letter\_XbXXX_X_Xb*,X, XX*7  Thereisnobasistoassumethatindividualsuspicionbasedsearches  areineffectiveorunworkableinschoolsettings.AsthisCourtnotedin t T.L.O., 8   8  [Publicschoolstudents]spendtheschoolhoursincloseassociation L witheachother,bothintheclassroomandduringrecreational  periods.Thestudentsinaparticularclassoftenknoweachother  andtheirteachersquitewell.Ofnecessity,teachershaveadegree H  offamiliaritywith,andauthorityover,theirstudentsthatis  \ unparalleledexceptperhapsintherelationshipbetweenparentand   child.   Id.at348(Powell,J.,concurring);Seealso,Vernonia,515U.S.at678 X   (O'Connor,J.,dissenting)("Inmostschools,theentirepoolofpotential  l  searchtargets--students--isunderconstantsupervisionbyteachersand  0  administratorsandcoaches,beitinclassrooms,hallways,orlocker   rooms."(citations%  omitted)).SeeJ.NathanJensen,DontRushto h  AbandonASuspicionBasedStandardforSearchesofPublicSchool ,|  Students,2000_B.Y.U._ԀL.Rev.695,709710(2000). @  (O;$0  2#  a  .3  0` (#(#(O2$ !  XXXX  0  <6X9`(Courier CEKQW]cioAutoList2A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#2#  0  )3  0(#(# iEGMSY_ekqAutoList30IIIIA.IIIIIIIIII(zEGMSY_ekqAutoList15A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.*+ (_2623  ..I., II.,Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(EEGMSY_ekqAutoList171.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(EGMSY_ekqAutoList16A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.4#->2Quick I.  .0 *D+D (_25   ," <DL,23  ..," <DL,   ( $*5+5 (_24  ) <DL)23  ..) <DL)  (9 Z(Times New Roman (EGMSY_ekqAutoList18A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.)L  Z(CG Times Regular(b$0  0` (#(#2#   .3  0 ` (#` (#(xir$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2#(  0  )3  0 (# (#($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#2#(  a  )3  0h(#(#(F$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#2#(   )3  0h(#h(#(eEGMSY_ekqAutoList19IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII({$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#2#  a  )3  0p(#(# "#$%'xAGaeimquy}Bullet ListBullets List(EGMSY_ekqAutoList20IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII(%EGMSY_ekqAutoList21IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII(5EGMSY_ekqAutoList22IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII EGMSY_ekqAutoList121.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. EGMSY_ekqAutoList131.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(jEGMSY_ekqAutoList14A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.*2+2 (_23 ` &<<DL&23  ..&<<DL& ` (EEGMSY_ekqAutoList23IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII(UEGMSY_ekqAutoList241.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.Cases "#$%'hEGKOSW[_cAutoList25)1)a)(uEGMSY_ekqAutoList261.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.*/+/ (_22  #DL#23  ..#DL#  *,+, (_21   DL 23  .. DL  StatutesMiscellaneous*)+) (_20 h DDL23  ..DDL h *&+& (_19  L23  ..L  *#+# (_18   L23  .. L  ( `$!XvXXX0   !XvXXX(,!$0  0` (#(#  (@$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (# ` *>> (_17  2( 4 <DL223  Ԁ2( 4 <DL2  A, B,Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5*DD (_16   ," <DL,23  Ԁ," <DL,   *55 (_15  ) <DL)23  Ԁ) <DL)  4#72Quick A.B  .0 B*22 (_14 ` &<<DL&23  Ԁ&<<DL& ` *// (_13  #DL#23  Ԁ#DL#  *,, (_12   DL 23  Ԁ DL   EGMSY_ekqAutoList29A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.*)) (_11 h DDL23  ԀDDL h *&& (_10  L23  ԀL  (## &_9   L23  Ԁ L  (>> &_8  2( 4 <DL223  2( 4 <DL2  (DD &_7   ," <DL,23  ," <DL,   (55 &_6  ) <DL)23  ) <DL)  (22 &_5 ` &<<DL&23  &<<DL& `  i)(// &_4  #DL#23  #DL#  (,, &_3   DL 23   DL  ()) &_2 h DDL23  DDL h  d(&& &_1  L23  L  &## $_   L23   L  \  `&Times New Roman misperceptionA-    (O$ _\@R3'Letter\_XbXXX_X_Xb*,X, XX*4  TheCourthasconsistentlyfollowedthisruleinothercontexts.See,  e.g.,_Nat'l_ԀTreasuryEmployeesUnionv.VonRaab,489U.S.656,674 t (1989)(holdingthatbecauseitis"notfeasibletosubject[customs] 8 employeesandtheirworkproducttothekindofday-to-dayscrutinythat L isthenorminmoretraditionalofficeenvironments,"asuspicion  requirementisimpracticalforsearchesofcustomsofficialsfordrug  impairment);Bellv.Wolfish,441U.S.520,559n.40(1979)(holdingthat H  becauseobservationneededtogainsuspicionwouldcause"obvious  \ disruptionoftheconfidentialityandintimacythatthesevisitsareintended   toafford,"asuspicionrequirementforsearchesofprisonersfor    smugglingfollowingcontactvisitsisimpracticable);UnitedStatesv. X   Martinez-_Fuerte_,428U.S.543,557(1976)("[A]requirementthatstops  l  onmajorinlandroutesalways...basedonreasonablesuspicionwouldbe  0  impracticalbecausetheflowoftraffictendstobetooheavytoallowthe   particularizedstudyofagivencarthatwouldenable%  ittobeidentifiedas h  apossiblecarrierofillegalaliens").SeeJ.NathanJensen,DontRushto ,|  AbandonASuspicionBasedStandardforSearchesofPublicSchool @  Students,2000_B.Y.U._ԀL.Rev.695,709(2000).(9 Z(Times New Roman  _\@R3'Letter\X8XXX XX8*,X,` XX*2  Abriefdescriptionofeachoftheorganizationsandindividualslisted  hereinappearsintheAppendix.#  z##X8X Й#6u h4heading 1   2( 4 <DL2 XXX      2( 4 <DL2  <:Default Para.vs,Title     5+ 4` <DL5XXX    5+ 4` <DL5   _ XX*,X, XX*\@R3'Letter\_ 1  Amicifilethisbriefwiththeconsentofallparties.Lettersofconsent  havebeenlodgedwiththeClerkofCourt.Nocounselforaparty t authoredthisbriefinwholeorinpart.Nopersonorentity,otherthan 8 amici,theirmembers,ortheircounselmadeamonetarycontributionfor L thepreparationorsubmissionofthisbrief.# _ϵ#  #X8X #:bb8Body Text 2   2( 4 <DL2XXX  2( 4 <DL2  <bb:footnote tex   2( 4 <DL2  2( 4 <DL2  0AA.Normal  5+ ` hp x 55+ ` hp x 5  <AA:Definition T  5+ ` hp x 55+ ` hp x 5  <AA:Definition L , 5+ ` hp x 5  5+ ` hp x 586Definition(hh&H1  5+ ` hp x 5      5+ ` hp x 5  (]]&H2  5+ ` hp x 5  5+ ` hp x 5  (]]&H3  5+ ` hp x 5  5+ ` hp x 5  (]]&H4  5+ ` hp x 5 XXX 5+ ` hp x 5  (]]&H5  5+ ` hp x 5  5+ ` hp x 5  (]]&H6  5+ ` hp x 5  5+ ` hp x 5  2DD0Address  5+ ` hp x 55+ ` hp x 5  8MM6Blockquote , , 5+ ` hp x 5   5+ ` hp x 5,*CITE,dl*CODEK<6X9`(Courier NewKSY\  `&Times New RomanS42Emphasis64Hyperlink    <:FollowedHype    4go2Keyboard K<6X9`(Courier NewKSY\  `&Times New RomanS <:Preformatted  /%  ,Kk %#/K<6X9`(Courier NewKSY\  `&Times New RomanS/%  ,Kk %#/  <:zBottom of 7(X7    5+ ` hp x 5?%2A`Arial?  SY\  `&Times New RomanS7(X75+ ` hp x 5  &  d d)1dxd'dxd<:zTop of For7(X7    5+ ` hp x 5?%2A`Arial?  SY\  `&Times New RomanS7(X75+ ` hp x 5  )2dxd0KS.SampleK<6X9`(Courier NewKSY\  `&Times New RomanS0.Strong 8dl6TypewriterK<6X9`(Courier NewKSY\  `&Times New RomanS42Variable: 8HTML MarkupB      2 0CommentB  <6X9`(Courier New%2A`Arial<_b:Body Text In   /% 4 <DL/XXX  2( 4 <DL2  <:footnote ref<nn:Body Text I1  X  2( 4 <DL2XXX  2( 4 <DL2 X  <:Body Text 21     2( 4 <DL2 Gu%2A`HelveticaG  SY\  `&Times New RomanS   2( 4 <DL2  0GG.footer    !XXX   !  :8page number0GG.header    !XXX   !  <N+Z :Outline001_1 ` &<<DL&23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<K+Z :Outline001_2  #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<W+f :Outline001_3 j  #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <T+f :Outline001_4  <  DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <Q+f :Outline001_5   ppL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <N+f :Outline001_6 j  L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <K+f :Outline001_7  D    L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <H+f :Outline001_8    xx23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <E+f :Outline001_9 j    23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Q+Z :Outline002_1  ) <DL)23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<]+f :Outline002_2  4 ) <DL)23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <Z+f :Outline002_3 j  &hhDL&23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <W+f :Outline002_4   #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <T+f :Outline002_5  <  DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <Q+f :Outline002_6 j  ppL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <N+f :Outline002_7   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <K+f :Outline002_8  D    L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <H+f :Outline002_9 j   xx23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <`+f :Outline003_1   ," <DL,23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <N+Z :Outline003_2 ` &<<DL&23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<Z+f :Outline003_3  " &DL&23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <W+f :Outline003_4   #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <T+f :Outline003_5  <  DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <Q+f :Outline003_6 j  ppL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <N+f :Outline003_7   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <K+f :Outline003_8  D    L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <H+f :Outline003_9 j   xx23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <K+Z :Outline004_1  #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<H+Z :Outline004_2   DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<T+f :Outline004_3 j <  DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Q+f :Outline004_4   ppL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <N+f :Outline004_5   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <K+f :Outline004_6 j D    L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <H+f :Outline004_7    xx23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <E+f :Outline004_8     23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <E+f :Outline004_9 j L (#%#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <K+Z :Outline005_1  #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<W+f :Outline005_2   #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <T+f :Outline005_3 j <  DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Q+f :Outline005_4   ppL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <N+f :Outline005_5   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <K+f :Outline005_6 j D    L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <H+f :Outline005_7    xx23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <E+f :Outline005_8     23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <E+f :Outline005_9 j L (#%#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <T+Z :Outline006_1  ," <DL,23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<`+f :Outline006_2   ," <DL,23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <]+f :Outline006_3   ) <DL)23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <Z+f :Outline006_4   &hhDL&23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <W+f :Outline006_5   #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <T+f :Outline006_6 j <  DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Q+f :Outline006_7   ppL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <N+f :Outline006_8   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <K+f :Outline006_9 j D    L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <`+f :Outline007_1   ," <DL,23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <]+f :Outline007_2  4 ) <DL)23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <Z+f :Outline007_3 j  &hhDL&23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <W+f :Outline007_4   #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <T+f :Outline007_5  <  DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <Q+f :Outline007_6 j  ppL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <N+f :Outline007_7   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <K+f :Outline007_8  D    L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <H+f :Outline007_9 j   xx23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Q+Z :Outline008_1  ) <DL)23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<]+f :Outline008_2  4 ) <DL)23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <Z+f :Outline008_3 j  &hhDL&23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <W+f :Outline008_4   #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <T+f :Outline008_5  <  DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <Q+f :Outline008_6 j  ppL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <N+f :Outline008_7   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <K+f :Outline008_8  D    L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <H+f :Outline008_9 j   xx23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <K+Z :Outline009_1  #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<W+f :Outline009_2   #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <T+f :Outline009_3 j <  DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Q+f :Outline009_4   ppL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <N+f :Outline009_5   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <K+f :Outline009_6 j D    L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <H+f :Outline009_7    xx23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <E+f :Outline009_8     23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <E+f :Outline009_9 j L (#%#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <K+Z :Outline010_1  #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<H+Z :Outline010_2   DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<T+f :Outline010_3 j <  DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Q+f :Outline010_4   ppL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <N+f :Outline010_5   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <K+f :Outline010_6 j D    L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <H+f :Outline010_7    xx23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <E+f :Outline010_8     23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <E+f :Outline010_9 j L (#%#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <K+Z :Outline011_1  #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<W+f :Outline011_2   #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <T+f :Outline011_3 j <  DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Q+f :Outline011_4   ppL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <N+f :Outline011_5   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <K+f :Outline011_6 j D    L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <H+f :Outline011_7    xx23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <E+f :Outline011_8     23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <E+f :Outline011_9 j L (#%#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <T+Z :Outline012_1  ," <DL,23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<`+f :Outline012_2   ," <DL,23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <]+f :Outline012_3 j 4 ) <DL)23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Z+f :Outline012_4   &hhDL&23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <W+f :Outline012_5   #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <T+f :Outline012_6 j <  DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Q+f :Outline012_7   ppL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <N+f :Outline012_8   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <K+f :Outline012_9 j D    L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <W+Z :Outline013_1  /%` ` <DL/23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<`+f :Outline013_2   ," <DL,23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <]+f :Outline013_3 j  ) <DL)23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Z+f :Outline013_4  ` &<<DL&23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <W+f :Outline013_5   #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <T+f :Outline013_6 j   DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Q+f :Outline013_7  h DDL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <N+f :Outline013_8   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <?+Z :Outline013_9 j  L23  ..2( 4 <DL2 j <]+f :Outline014_1  4 ) <DL)23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline014_2   &hhDL&K<6X9`(Courier NewK23  SY\  `&Times New RomanSK<6X9`(Courier NewK..SY\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline014_3   #DL#GsKr`WingdingsG23  SY\  `&Times New RomanSGsKr`WingdingsG..SY\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline014_4  <  DL At(\ Y`SymbolA23  SY\  `&Times New RomanSAt(\ Y`SymbolA..SY\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline014_5   ppLK<6X9`(Courier NewK23  SY\  `&Times New RomanSK<6X9`(Courier NewK..SY\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline014_6   LGsKr`WingdingsG23  SY\  `&Times New RomanSGsKr`WingdingsG..SY\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline014_7  D    LAt(\ Y`SymbolA23  SY\  `&Times New RomanSAt(\ Y`SymbolA..SY\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline014_8    xxK<6X9`(Courier NewK23  SY\  `&Times New RomanSK<6X9`(Courier NewK..SY\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline014_9     GsKr`WingdingsG23  SY\  `&Times New RomanSGsKr`WingdingsG..SY\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  <c+f :Outline015_1  X /%4 4 <DL/23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <`+f :Outline015_2   ," <DL,23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <]+f :Outline015_3 j  ) <DL)23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Z+f :Outline015_4  ` &<<DL&23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <W+f :Outline015_5   #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <T+f :Outline015_6 j   DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Q+f :Outline015_7  h DDL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <N+f :Outline015_8   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <?+Z :Outline015_9 j  L23  ..2( 4 <DL2 j <c+f :Outline016_1   /%` ` <DL/23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <`+f :Outline016_2   ," <DL,23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <]+f :Outline016_3 j 4 ) <DL)23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Z+f :Outline016_4   &hhDL&23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <W+f :Outline016_5   #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <T+f :Outline016_6 j <  DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Q+f :Outline016_7   ppL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <N+f :Outline016_8   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <K+f :Outline016_9 j D    L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <T+Z :Outline017_1  ," <DL,23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<`+f :Outline017_2   ," <DL,23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <]+f :Outline017_3 j 4 ) <DL)23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Z+f :Outline017_4   &hhDL&23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <W+f :Outline017_5   #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <T+f :Outline017_6 j <  DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Q+f :Outline017_7   ppL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <N+f :Outline017_8   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <K+f :Outline017_9 j D    L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <N+Z :Outline018_1 ` &<<DL&23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<Z+f :Outline018_2   &hhDL&23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <W+f :Outline018_3 j  #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <T+f :Outline018_4  <  DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <Q+f :Outline018_5   ppL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <N+f :Outline018_6 j  L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <K+f :Outline018_7  D    L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <H+f :Outline018_8    xx23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <E+f :Outline018_9 j    23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <T+Z :Outline019_1  ," <DL,23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<`+f :Outline019_2   ," <DL,23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <]+f :Outline019_3 j 4 ) <DL)23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Z+f :Outline019_4   &hhDL&23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <W+f :Outline019_5   #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <T+f :Outline019_6 j <  DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Q+f :Outline019_7   ppL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <N+f :Outline019_8   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <K+f :Outline019_9 j D    L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Q+Z :Outline020_1  ) <DL)23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<N+Z :Outline020_2 ` &<<DL&23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<K+Z :Outline020_3 N #**DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<W+f :Outline020_4   #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <T+f :Outline020_5  <  DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <Q+f :Outline020_6 j  ppL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <N+f :Outline020_7   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <K+f :Outline020_8  D    L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <H+f :Outline020_9 j   xx23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <K+Z :Outline021_1  #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<W+f :Outline021_2   #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <T+f :Outline021_3 j <  DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Q+f :Outline021_4   ppL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <N+f :Outline021_5   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <K+f :Outline021_6 j D    L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <H+f :Outline021_7    xx23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <E+f :Outline021_8     23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <E+f :Outline021_9 j L (#%#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <W+Z :Outline022_1  /%` ` <DL/23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<T+Z :Outline022_2  ," <DL,23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<]+f :Outline022_3 j  ) <DL)23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <N+Z :Outline022_4  &hhDL&23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<W+f :Outline022_5   #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <T+f :Outline022_6 j   DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Q+f :Outline022_7  h DDL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <N+f :Outline022_8   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <?+Z :Outline022_9 j  L23  ..2( 4 <DL2 j <K+Z :Outline023_1  #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<W+f :Outline023_2   #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <T+f :Outline023_3 j <  DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Q+f :Outline023_4   ppL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <N+f :Outline023_5   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <K+f :Outline023_6 j D    L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <H+f :Outline023_7    xx23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <E+f :Outline023_8     23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <E+f :Outline023_9 j L (#%#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <`+f :Outline024_1   ," <DL,23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <]+f :Outline024_2  4 ) <DL)23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <Z+f :Outline024_3 j  &hhDL&23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <W+f :Outline024_4   #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <T+f :Outline024_5  <  DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <Q+f :Outline024_6 j  ppL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <N+f :Outline024_7   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <K+f :Outline024_8  D    L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <H+f :Outline024_9 j   xx23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j 6789:;<= 35;AGMSY_1A.a.i.1.a.i.1.a.l>i.("$ !  ("$ !   35;AGMSY_21.a.i.1.a.i.1.a.pi.)Hairline dKr`Wingdings(\ Y`Symbol%2A`Helvetica _ XX\@R3'Letter\_ *,X,XX*3  Recentexperiencewithsuspicionlessdrugtestingofchildrenby  publicschoolofficialshasprovenwrongtheCourtsconclusionthat t  testingbasedonsuspicionofdrugusewouldnotbebetter,butworse 8 thanthesuspicionlesssearches,andjustifiedthedissentssharp L disagreement.SeeVernonia,515U.S.646,66364,and672(OConnor,  J.,dissenting).TheCourtwasconcernedtheindividualizedtestingwould   generate[]theexpenseofdefendinglawsuitsthatchargesucharbitrary H   imposition,orthatsimplydemandgreaterprocessbeforeaccusatorydrug  testingisimposed.SeeVernonia,515U.S.at66364.Inthenameof t reducingunnecessarylitigation,thesuspicionlesstestinghasresultedin 8 cloggedfederaldocketsinordertodefinewhatcircumstancesconstitutea L  specialneed.TheTenthCircuitobservedthisproblem:inthe  suspicionlesssearchcontext, theSupremeCourt'sspecialneedscases  haveengenderedsomecriticismforfailingtoadequatelydefinewhata H  specialneedis.SeeEarls,at1269&n.3,citingRobertD._Dodson_,Ten  \ YearsofRandomizedJurisprudence:AmendingtheSpecialNeeds   Doctrine,51S.C.L.Rev.258,261(Winter2000).# _ϙ##X8X # _ XX\@R3'Letter\_ *,X,` XX*5  # _ϙ#Certainaspectsofthedrugtestingpolicyweresustainedonlyonthe  basisofstare_decisis_,underToddv.RushCountySchools,133F.3d984 t (7thCir.1998),inwhichtheappealscourtdidnotapplytheVernonia 8 analysis.#X8X # <_ XX\@R3'Letter\_ *,X, XX*6  # _ϙ#Aschoolsdrugtestingpolicyisnotinsulatedfromreviewmerely  becauseitprovidesforindividualized,suspicionbasedtesting.In t TrinidadSch.Dist.No.1v.Lopez,963P.2d1095(Co.1998),thepolicy 8  atissuemandateddrugtestingforallstudentsingradessixthrough  twelvewhowantedtoparticipateinanextracurricularactivity. In t additiontothemandatedtesting,thePolicyallowsofficialstotestany 8 studentparticipatinginanextracurricularactivitybasedonareasonable L suspicionthatthestudentisundertheinfluenceofillicitdrugs/alcohol.  Id.AmorecomprehensivedrugtestingpolicywasatissueinTheodore  v.DelawareValleySch.Dist.,761A.2d652,148Ed.LawRep.985, H  (_Cmwlth_.Ct.2000).There,fivedifferenttypesofdrugtestingwere  \ authorizedbythepolicy.Seeid.at654&n.5.Ineachcase,theappellate   courtscrutinizedthepoliciesundertheVernoniaanalysis,eventhough    thepoliciesbothcontainedtheseprovisions.ThatTecumsehspolicy X   authorizesindividualized,suspicionbasedsearches,therefore,doesnot  l  satisfytherequirementsofVernoniaandChandler.#X8X # _\@R3'Letter\ XX_ *,X, XX*8  # _ϙ#Itnoted, Therearenoacademicsanctionsimposed.SeeEarlsv.  Bd.ofEduc.ofTecumsehPublicSch.Dist.,242F.3d1264,1286(10th t Cir.2001). 8 #X8X z# _*,X,` XX*\@R3'Letter\ XX90  Seenote9,supra.#X8X Ф# _ XX\@R3'Letter\*,X, XX*_ 10  # _#Theonlyauthoritysupportingafindingofimmediacyontherecord  inEarlsisMillerbyMillerv.Wilkes,172F.3d574(8thCir.2000). t There,theappealscourtnoted, 8   8  thereisnotthesameimmediacyhereastherewasinVernonia,and L thisiswherethefactsbeforeusdiffermostsignificantlyfromthose  theSupremeCourtfacedwhendeclaringVernoniasdrugtesting  policyconstitutional.ThereisnoimmediatecrisisinCaveCity H  PublicSchools,indeedthereisnorecordevidenceofanydrugor  \ alcoholproblemintheschools8   Id.at58081.Inspiteofthesefindings,theappealscourtheldthat the    considerableriskofimmediateharmoncetheproblemsurfacesis X   enoughimmediacytosustainthepolicy.Id.Thisholdingis  l  irreconcilablewithVernonia,wheretheCourtheldthat findingsofneed  0  orimmediacyisthe mostsignificantelementwherethe governments   responsibilities,underapublicschoolsystem,asguardianandtutorof h  childrenentrustedtoitscareareimplicated.SeeVernonia,515U.S.at ,|  665.Asaresult,Wilkesshouldnotbeappliedheretoreversetheappeals @  courtsdecision.#X8X # _ XX\@R3'Letter\*,X,XX*_ 11  Since1997,youthcrimeinOklahomahasfallen20percent.Stateof  Oklahoma,UniformCrimeReport,AnnualReport2000,OklahomaState t BureauofInvestigation,at6566(2001),4 ]O  5  www.osbi.state.ok.us/crimestats6]O  7 . 8 OfficialOklahomacrimestatisticsshowthatcrimebyjuveniles(persons L underage18)todayislessfrequentthantenyearsago.Id.(comparing  juvenilearresttotalsbetween1991and2000).In2000,juvenilesonly  accountedfor15.6%ofallpersonsarrestedforallcrimesinOklahoma. H  9 Id.    # _#Morebroadly,therehasbeenacontinuingdeclinenationwideinthe t rateandnumberofyoutharrestedforseriousviolentoffenses(criminal 8 homicide,robbery,aggravatedassaultandforciblerape).U.S._Dept_.of L Justice,Fed.BureauofInvest.,CrimeintheUnitedStates:Uniform  CrimeReports(2000,1998,1993).Juvenilehomiciderates,inparticular,  havedropped56percentfrom1993through1998.Id.Alltotaled,there H  hasbeena30percentdropinthetotaljuvenilecrimerate.Id.;Seealso  \ U.S._Dept_.ofHealth&HumanServices,YouthViolence:AReportofthe   SurgeonGeneral,1731(2001).      NoevidencesuggestsTecumsehdivergesfromthesestateand X   nationaltrends.#X8X #    http://www.osbi.state.ok.us/crimestats/crimestats.html). 9_*,X, XX*\@R3'Letter\ XX_ 12  SeeBriefofAmiciCuriaeinSupportofPetitioners,DrugFree  SchoolsCoalitionetal.,at6&n.3(citingnumerousfederalandstate t courtdecisionssince1995reviewingdrugandalcoholtestinginschools). 8 #_XbX_Ϥ# _\@R3'Letter\ XX*,X,` XX*_ 13  Tecumsehsdrugpolicywouldnothavepreventedthewidely  reported,andmostfearinducingschoolshootingsinWestPaducah t Kentucky;Jonesboro,Arkansas;_Edinboro_,Pennsylvania;Springfield, 8 Oregon;andLittleton,Colorado.Noneofthestudentshootersinthose L instancesreportedlytookoruseddrugs.Schoolsseekingtoemploy  suspicionlesssearchesofvirtuallyallstudents# _#_ foranyandallillicitdrug  useinordertominimizeviolenceshouldestablishacausalconnection H  betweenthetwo.Constitutionalimperativesthatprotectindividualrights  \ mustnotgivewaytosolutionsthatoffermerelycosmeticsecurity.# _ ##X8X z# _\@R3'Letter\ XX_ *,X,` XX*14  Comparisonsofthecurrent_NCES_Ԁsurveydatawithresultsfroman  earliersurveyofpublicschoolprincipalsconductedin1991show t virtuallynochangesacrosseitherminormisbehaviorormoreserious 8 infractions. Notedschoolviolenceresearcher,IrwinHyman,trackeda L numberofindicatorsofschoolviolenceoverthepast20yearsand  concluded,"Aswasthecase20yearsago,despitepublicperceptionsto  thecontrary,thecurrentdatadonotsupporttheclaimthattherehasbeen H  adramatic,overallincreaseinschoolbasedviolenceinrecentyears."  \ IrwinA.HymanandDonnaC._Perone_,TheOtherSideofSchool   Violence:EducatorPoliciesandPracticesThatMayContributeto    StudentMisbehavior,30JournalofSchoolPsychology7 ,9(1998);see X   alsoRussell_Skiba_Ԁ&_Reece_ԀPeterson,TheDarkSideofZeroTolerance:  l  CanPunishmentLeadtoSafeSchools?80PhiDelta_Kappan_Ԁ372(1999).# _ϙ#_ #_XbX_z#<http://www.cjcj.org/sss> _*,X, XX* XX\@R3'Letter\_ 15  MonitoringtheFuturesurveyresultsarereportedannuallyinAnn  _Pastore_Ԁ&KathleenMaguire,_eds_.,U.S._Dept_.OfJustice,Bureauof t JusticeStatistics,# _#_ _Sourcebook_ԀofCriminalJusticeStatistics.#_XbX_:#<http://www.cjcj.org/sss> _ XX\@R3'Letter\_ *,X, XX*16  Theterm zerotolerancereferstothosepolicieswhichdealout  severepunishmentforalloffenses,nomatterhowminor,ostensiblyinan t efforttotreatalloffendersalikeinthespiritoffairnessandintoleranceof 8 rulebreaking.See,e.g.,Russell_Skiba_Ԁ&_Reece_ԀPeterson,TheDarkSide L ofZeroTolerance:CanPunishmentLeadtoSafeSchools?80PhiDelta  _Kappan_Ԁ372(1999)(discussingtheoriginsofzerotolerance);seealso  Russell_Skiba_,IndianaEducationalPolicyCenter# _ϙ#_ ,ZeroTolerance,Zero H  Evidence:AnAnalysisofSchoolDisciplinaryPractice(Aug.2000).The  \ useofzerotolerancepoliciesbeganwithfederalandstatecourtdrug   enforcementagenciesintheearly1980s.By1988,theseprogramshad    receivednationalattentionwhentheU.S.governmentallowedcustoms X   agentstoseizetheboats,automobilesandpassportsofanypersons  l  crossingAmericanborderswhowerefoundwitheventraceamountsof  0   drugs.TheU.S.CustomsAgencyfinallyhalteditspolicyin1990.    In1993schoolboardsacrossthecountybeganadoptingzero t tolerancepolicies.In1994thefederalgovernmentsteppedintomandate 8 thepolicynationallywithpassageoftheGunFreeSchoolsActintolaw. L 20U.S.C.8921.Thelawmandatesaonecalendaryearexpulsionfor  possessionofafirearmandreferraltothecriminalorjuvenilejustice  systems.Originallythelawcoveredonlyfirearms,butmorerecent H  amendmentshavebroadenedthelanguagetoincludeanyinstrumentthat  \ maybeusedasaweapon.Thezerotolerancepoliciesinschoolsnow   embracenotonlytheissuesaddressedbytheGunFreeSchoolsAct,but    arealsousedtodisciplinestudentswho disruptclasses,infra.  p #_XbX_# _ XX\@R3'Letter\*,X, XX*_ 17  Definingzerotoleranceasapolicythatmandatespredetermined  consequencesorpunishmentsforspecifiedoffenses,theNationalCenter t forEducationStatisticsreport,Violence&DisciplineProblemsinU.S. 8 PublicSchools:19961997,foundthat94%ofallschoolshavezero L tolerancepoliciesforpossessionofweaponsorfirearms,87%for  possessionofalcohol,while79%reportmandatorysuspensionsor  expulsionsforviolenceorpossessionoftobacco.S.Heavisideetal., H  supra.#_XbX_# g_\@R3'Letter\ XX*,X,` XX*18  Effortstoaddressschoolsafetyhavesweptmillionsofschool  childrenintoanetofexclusionfromeducationalopportunities.Despite t relativelystableratesofassaultswithandwithoutweaponsinschools 8 nationwideoverthepast23years,suspensionsandexpulsionsareat L recordhighs.Between1974and1998,therateatwhichstudentswere  suspendedandexpelledfromschoolshasalmostdoubledfrom3.7%of  studentsin1974(1.7millionsuspended),to6.8%ofstudentsin1998(3.2 H  millionsuspended).LloydJohnstonetal.,U.S._Dept_.OfEducation,  \ ProjectedStudentSuspensionRatefortheNationssPublicSchools   (2000).#X8X z#Document0zzSDUNumber35Document0zzSDUNumber36 !  __XbXXX(     *,X,XX*No.01332  __________________________________  @@' INTHE 4 @@ SUPREMECOURTOFTHEUNITEDSTATES  p   @ ___________________________________  \     BoardofEducationofTecumsehPublic   SchoolDistrictEtAl.,        4  `       <  h   Petitioners,    @ v.   LindsayEarlsand_Lacey_ԀEarls,minors,bytheirnext  p  friendsandparents,JohnDavidandLoriEarls,EtAl.,  \  V     4  `       <  h   Respondents. H  @X_________________________________ 4  :@ X@@ XOnWritofCertioraritothe   @&&XUnitedStatesCourtofAppealsfortheTenthCircuit   @ X__________________________________ p  ^@XXX   BriefofJuvenileLawCenter;Advocatesfor  ChildrenofNewYork;Children&FamilyJustice  Center;EducationLawCenterNJ;EducationLaw  CenterPA;JusticePolicyInstitute;Juvenile  JusticeProjectofLouisiana;JuvenileRights x AdvocacyProject;NationalCenterforYouth d Law;TheSentencingProject;Universityofthe P DistrictofColumbia,JuvenileLawClinic;Youth < LawCenter;andLawProfessorsTheresa_Glennon_, (x MartinGuggenheim,RandyHertz,WallaceJ. d _Mlyniec_,FrancineSherman&Joseph_Tulman_Ԁas P AMICICURIAE < InSupportofRespondents  $   ____________________________@@ X__________ @  @  @  @  @D  @p  @  @          4  `      MarshaL.Levick[ d        4  ` 0 0  0  0  LavalS.MillerWilsonP!!      4  `      BrentA.Cossrow <""      4  `      JUVENILELAWCENTER (#x#      4  `      1315WalnutStreet,Suite400 $d$      4  `      Philadelphia,PA19107 %P %      4  `      (215)6250551   %!  >!(0  0    I.0INDIVIDUAL,SUSPICIONBASEDSEARCHES  D  OFSTUDENTSBYPUBLICSCHOOLTEACHERS 0  SHOULDNOTBEABANDONEDINFAVOROF   BLANKET,SUSPICIONLESSSEARCHES#2.PP/#3>!(C݌   Ќ  >!  >!0  0    >!݌  Ќ  ?  ?l0  004    A.0444ThePolicyIsUnconstitutionalBecauseThe   GovernmentDidNotEstablishThat | Individualized,SuspicionBasedSearchesWere h NotFeasibleBeforeImplementingSuspicionLess T DrugTestingOfChildrenThatParticipateIn @ ExtraCurricularActivities.#2.-44#5?l݌ ,| Ќ  ?  ?0  004    B.0444ThePrivacyInterestsatIssueHereAreGreater T thanThoseThatWereIntrudeduponinVernonia.?݌@44 Ќ  ?  ?0  004    #881.44#10?݌ , Ќ  ?  ?0  004    C.0444TheNatureOfTheIntrusionIsUnreasonable  BecauseItsConsequencesDepriveStudentsOf  TheOpportunityToLearn,EarnAcademic  Credits,AndEnrollInClasses.#881.144#13?݌ x Ќ  ?  ?0  004    D.0444TheTenthCircuitCorrectlyHeldThatThe P! SchoolDistrictsConcernIsNotImmediate <"  BecauseThereIsNoIllegal DrugCrisis, (#x!  RebellionOrDramaticallyIncreasedDrug#881."";44#16?݌ $d" Ќ   %P # >!  >!0  0    II.0ANINFLATEDFEAROFSCHOOLVIOLENCE  DOESNOTJUSTIFYMASS,SUSPICIONLESS  SEARCHESFORNONVIOLENTBEHAVIOR#881.nn0#20>!݌  Ќ  ?  ? !0  004    A.0444ThePerceptionThatSchoolsAreIncreasingly ` ViolentandThatOurChildrenandTeachersAre L  NotSafeIsatOddsWithEvidenceShowingThat 8  SchoolsAreAmongtheSafestPlacestoBe.#881.;44#23? !$!݌ $ t Ќ  ?  ?"0  004    B.0444IfPermitted,GeneralizedDrugTestingofEvery  L  PublicSchoolStudentWillBecomeAsRoutine  8  &InflexibleasOther ZeroToleranceMeasures $  ThatPunishChildrenByDeprivingThemof   SchoolInvolvement.   #881.4444#26?"#݌   Ќ  =`X. XX_Xb!X X XX.  #!X X X!X.#X8X X!X=`%0     CONCLUSION#881. #30=`%%݌ t Ќ_XbXXX8_XbXX_Xb  APPENDIX  1.1A L #!X XX_Xb%#_XbX X!X  `   \TABLEOFAUTHORITIES       FEDERALCASES     ..3x (#,X,X3Bellv.Wolfish,441U.S.520(1979).....................................7 ` H.` hp x (#xXH'x (#X'Brooksv.EastChambersSch.District,730F.Supp. 8  759(S.D.Tex.1989),aff'd..............................................12,19 $ t H.` hp x (#xXH'x (#X'Chandlerv.Miller,520U.S.305(1997)................4,6,7,8,9  L  H.` hp x (#xXH'x (#X'Earlsv.BoardofEducationofTecumsehPublic $  Sch.District,242F.3d1264(10thCir.2001)    @ ..................................................4,6,12,13,15,16,18,20,21   -x (#xX-Ӏ   -x (#xX-Earlsv.BoardofEducationofTecumsehPublic   Sch.District,115F.Supp.2d1281(W.D.Okla.2000) p  @ ...........................................................................15,16,17,20 \ H.` hp x (#xXH'x (#X'_Elkins_Ԁv.UnitedStates,364U.S.206(1960).........................3 4 H.` hp x (#xXH'x (#X'Joyv.PennHarrisMadisonSch.Corp.,212F.3d1052  \ (7thCir.2000).........................................................8,9,12,18 H H.` hp x (#xXH'x (#X'MillerbyMillerv.Wilkes,172F.3d574(8thCir.2000).....21   H.` hp x (#xXH'x (#X'NationalTreasuryEmployeesUnionv.VonRaab,489U.S.  656(1989)...............................................................................7  H.` hp x (#xXH'x (#X'NewJerseyv.T.L.O.,469U.S.325(1985)................2,3,5,9 l H.` hp x (#xXH'x (#X'Skinnerv.RailwayLaborExecutives'Association,489U.S. D! 602(1989)..............................................................................3 0"  H.` hp x (#xXH'x (#X'_Tannahill_Ԁv._Lockney_,133F.Supp.2d919(N.D.Tex. $X" 2001)..............................................................................12,19 $D # -x (#xX-Thomasv.Roberts,261F.3d1160(11thCir.2001)............20  -x (#xX-Thompsonv.CarthageSch.District,87F.3d979(8th  Cir.1996)........................................................................19,20 t H.` hp x (#xXH'x (#X'Tinkerv.DesMoinesIndependentCommunitySch. L  District,393U.S.503(1969)...................................11,13,14 8  H.` hp x (#xXH'x (#X'Toddv.RushCountySchools,133F.3d984(7thCir.1998)  ` ................................................................................................8  L  H.` hp x (#xXH'x (#X'UnitedStatesv.Martinez_F