Nos. 99-804 and 99-939
In the Supreme Court of the United States
CARL W. CLEVELAND, PETITIONER
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
FRED H. GOODSON, PETITIONER
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ON PETITIONS FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI
TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
BRIEF FOR THE UNITED STATES IN OPPOSITION
SETH P. WAXMAN
Solicitor General
Counsel of Record
JAMES K. ROBINSON
Assistant Attorney General
JOEL M. GERSHOWITZ
Attorney
Department of Justice
Washington, D.C. 20530-0001
(202) 514-2217
QUESTIONS PRESENTED
1. Whether video poker licenses issued by the State of Louisiana constitute
"property" within the meaning of the mail fraud statute, 18 U.S.C.
1341.
2. Whether the district court committed plain error in failing to instruct
the jury on the materiality element of a mail fraud offense.
In the Supreme Court of the United States
No. 99-804
CARL W. CLEVELAND, PETITIONER
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
No. 99-939
FRED H. GOODSON, PETITIONER
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ON PETITIONS FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI
TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
BRIEF FOR THE UNITED STATES IN OPPOSITION
OPINIONS BELOW
The opinion of the court of appeals (Pet. App. 1a-44a1) is reported at 182
F.3d 296. The opinion of the district court (Pet. App. 52a-86a) is reported
at 951 F. Supp. 1249.
JURISDICTION
The judgment of the court of appeals was entered on July 21, 1999. The petition
for rehearing was denied on September 2, 1999. The petition for a writ of
certiorari in No. 99-804 was filed on November 9, 1999. The petition for
a writ of certiorari in No. 99-939 was filed on December 1, 1999. The jurisdiction
of this Court is invoked under 28 U.S.C. 1254(1).
STATEMENT
After a jury trial in the United States District Court for the Eastern District
of Louisiana, petitioners Cleveland and Goodson were convicted of conducting
the affairs of an enterprise through a pattern of racketeering activity,
in violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO),
18 U.S.C. 1962(c); conspiring to commit that offense, in violation of 18
U.S.C. 1962(d); and two counts of mail fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
1341. In addition, petitioner Cleveland was convicted of four counts of
money laundering, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 1956; tax conspiracy, in violation
of 18 U.S.C. 371; and filing a false tax return, in violation of 26 U.S.C.
7206(2). Petitioner Goodson was convicted of five counts of money laundering
and three counts of the use of interstate communications in aid of state
bribery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 1952. Each petitioner was sentenced to
121 months' imprisonment. In addition, the district court ordered the forfeiture
of their interests in two business entities. The court of appeals affirmed.
Pet. App. 1a-44a.
1. The evidence at trial showed that, in early 1992, petitioner Fred Goodson
and his family formed TSG, Ltd., and its corporate partner, TSG, Inc., in
order to participate in the video poker business at their truck stop in
Slidell, Louisiana. With the assistance of petitioner Carl Cleveland and
petitioner Goodson's law firm, Cleveland, Barrios, Kingsdorf & Casteix,
the Goodsons prepared and submitted to the Louisiana State Police applications
for a gaming license for TSG, Ltd. The applications required partnerships
seeking gaming licenses to identify their partners; to submit personal financial
statements for all partners; to affirm that the listed partners were the
sole beneficial owners; and to affirm that no partner had an arrangement
to hold his interest as "an agent, nominee or otherwise," or a
present intention to transfer any interest in the partnership at a future
time. Pet. App. 2a-3a.
The initial application submitted on behalf of TSG, Ltd., identified Maria
and Alex Goodson, Fred Goodson's adult children, as the limited partners
and TSG, Inc., as the general partner. The application listed no other persons
or entities as having any ownership interest in TSG, Ltd. TSG, Ltd. submitted
renewal applications in 1993, 1994, and 1995 that also listed no additional
ownership interests. In fact, at all times the true owners of the company
were petitioners Goodson and Cleveland. The two concealed their ownership
interest from state regulators in order to avoid the probing inquiry of
the State's suitability assessment. Pet. App. 5a-6a.
2. The mail fraud statute, 18 U.S.C. 1341, makes it a crime to use the mail
in connection with "any scheme or artifice to defraud, or for obtaining
money or property by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations,
or promises." The mail fraud counts of the indictment charged that
the defendants had devised a scheme to deprive the State of Louisiana and
its citizens of "property" by "fraudulently obtaining and
renewing, through the submission of false and incomplete information, state
licenses to operate video poker sites." Pet. App. 74a.
Before trial, petitioner Cleveland adopted a motion filed by his co-defendant,
petitioner Goodson, to dismiss the mail fraud counts on the ground that
state licenses to operate video poker sites do not constitute "property"
within the meaning of Section 1341. Petitioners argued, among other things,
that such licenses do not become property until they are issued, because
they have no value to the State. Accordingly, in petitioners' view, an attempt
to acquire a state license through false representations does not implicate
any state property interest. The district court rejected that contention.
Pet. App. 73a-86a.
3. On appeal, petitioners renewed their contention that state licenses do
not constitute property for purposes of the mail fraud statute. Relying
on United States v. Salvatore, 110 F.3d 1131 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 522
U.S. 981 (1997), the court of appeals affirmed the ruling of the district
court. See Pet. App. 19a. In Salvatore, the court, applying McNally v. United
States, 483 U.S. 350 (1987), and Carpenter v. United States, 484 U.S. 19
(1987), reasoned that "in considering whether video poker licenses
constitute property under the mail fraud statute, we must determine whether
Louisiana has an interest in the licenses as a property holder." 110
F.3d at 1139. The court held that Louisiana had more than just a regulatory
interest in the video poker licenses, thereby justifying application of
the mail fraud statute. Ibid.
The Salvatore court first reasoned that the concept of property involves
a legal "bundle of rights," including the rights to "possess,
use, and dispose" of a particular article. 110 F.3d at 1140. As applied
to licenses, the court found that that "bundle" includes the right
to control their issuance. The court also concluded that Louisiana had "zealously
sought to protect its right to control the [video poker] licenses"
at issue here. Ibid. The court went on to reject a distinction between issued
and unissued licenses, finding that unissued video poker licenses had value
to the State. Id. at 1141. The court further determined that the State has
a property, and not merely a regulatory, interest in the video poker licenses,
because the State had "a direct and significant [continuing] financial
stake * * * as issuer of the licenses" in the video poker industry.
Id. at 1142.
The court of appeals concluded that the Louisiana statutory scheme, by expressly
stating a limitation on the property interests of licensees, evinces an
intent that the State is to maintain its control and ownership of video
poker licenses. 110 F.3d at 1142 (discussing La. Rev. Stat. Ann § 27:301(D)
(West Supp. 1997)). Similarly, after applying traditional property law concepts,
the court found that the licenses constituted property. Id. at 1142-1143.
4. Following oral argument on petitioners' appeal, petitioners sought leave
to file a supplemental brief in light of this Court's intervening decision
in Neder v. United States, 119 S. Ct. 1827 (1999), which held that the materiality
of the falsehoods used in a scheme to defraud is an element of a mail fraud
offense, id. at 1841. Petitioners argued that the district court committed
plain error in failing to give a materiality instruction. The government
opposed petitioners' motion, arguing that supplemental briefing was unnecessary
because the issue had been waived, the district court had in any event included
materiality language in the jury charge, and the defendants in fact had
argued materiality to the jury. The court of appeals denied the motion and
did not address the issue in its opinion issued eight days later.
ARGUMENT
1. Petitioner Cleveland contends (Pet. 9-21) that the video poker licenses
do not constitute "property" within the meaning of the mail fraud
statute, 18 U.S.C. 1341. Petitioner Goodson (99-939 Pet. 11) adopts petitioner
Cleveland's argument.2 The courts below correctly rejected that contention,
and it does not warrant further review.
a. In Carpenter v. United States, 484 U.S. 19 (1987), the court affirmed
the wire fraud conviction of a Wall Street Journal columnist who had traded
stock before publication of his newspaper column based on his knowledge
of what the column would say. The Court made clear that the intangible nature
of the misappropriated confidential information did not make the information
any less a form of "property" within the mail fraud statute. Id.
at 25-27. The Court explained that the Journal had been deprived of its
property right to make exclusive use of its confidential information, even
though the defendants had not totally deprived the Journal of its possession
of the information or its ability to publish it. Id. at 26-27.
Here, the State of Louisiana had a property interest in the unissued video
poker licenses similar to the Wall Street Journal's interest in maintaining
the confidentiality of its business information. In Carpenter, the Court
held that the Journal's exclusive right to control its confidential information
was a property interest. 484 U.S. at 26. By the same token, in this case,
"what the [State] (and derivatively its people) lost was the right
to keep its [video poker] licenses to itself and to bestow them on persons
who had fairly earned them." United States v. Martinez, 905 F.2d 709,
714 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1017 (1990). The State also lost the
right to control who handled a substantial, continuing source of earnings
under the licenses. The court of appeals thus correctly found that the licenses
had continuing value to the State.
b. Petitioner Cleveland contends (Pet. 10-13) that the instant decision
conflicts with holdings of other courts of appeals that particular licenses,
especially unissued licenses, did not constitute property under the mail
fraud statute. Although the Fifth Circuit in Salvatore criticized reasoning
in some of those cases that an unissued license cannot be property even
though an issued license can be, 110 F.3d at 1140-1141, it ultimately explained
that "video poker licenses are different than other types of licenses,"
id. at 1142 n.2, because of the "character of the licenses themselves,"
id. at 1141. Because of the distinct characteristics of Louisiana's video
poker license, the holding here is distinguishable from decisions of other
courts of appeals that have reversed mail fraud convictions on the ground
that various types of licenses were not property. See, e.g., United States
v. Schwartz, 924 F.2d 410, 417-418 (2d Cir. 1991) (arms export license);
United States v. Granberry, 908 F.2d 278, 280 (8th Cir. 1990) (school bus
operator's permit), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 921 (1991); United States v.
Kato, 878 F.2d 267, 268-269 (9th Cir. 1989) (private pilot's license); Toulabi
v. United States, 875 F.2d 122, 125 (7th Cir. 1989) (taxi driver's license);
United States v. Dadanian, 856 F.2d 1391, 1392 (9th Cir. 1988) (gambling
license); United States v. Murphy, 836 F.2d 248, 254 (6th Cir.) (bingo license),
cert. denied, 488 U.S. 924 (1988).
As the Salvatore court explained, those cases rest on the theory that, in
the manner in which particular licenses operated in the States that had
issued them, the licenses did not represent property to the issuing governments.
Rather, under the reasoning of those cases, "the issuance of a license
is nothing more than a physical manifestation of the government's intent
to regulate." 110 F.3d at 1141. The Salvatore court "agree[d],
as an initial matter, that the right to regulate a particular industry does
not a fortiori give the regulator a property interest in licenses signifying
the government's regulation." Ibid. With respect to video poker licenses,
however, the State "has a direct and significant financial stake in
its role as issuer of the licenses" because it receives an "up-front
fee" for the license and a significant percentage of net revenues as
a franchise fee. Id. at 1142. The Salvatore court noted that Louisiana fully
expected to receive continuing funds from the video poker license (22.5%
of the licensee's net revenues), such that the license "evinces the
State's intent to participate in the industry." Ibid. The entitlement
to control the sources of future revenue gave the State a continuing property
interest in the license.
The cases on which petitioner Cleveland (Pet. 11-13) relies involve licenses
that lack that revenue-producing feature. See United States v. Shotts, 145
F.3d 1289, 1294-1295 (11th Cir. 1998) (no indication of continuing government
financial stake in bail bond license), cert. denied, 119 S. Ct. 1111 (1999);
United States v. Paccione, 949 F.2d 1183, 1186-1187 (2d Cir. 1991) (same
for medical waste dumping permit), cert. denied, 505 U.S. 1220 (1992); Granberry,
908 F.2d at 280 (same for bus license); Kato, 879 F.2d at 269 (same for
pilot's license); Toulabi, 875 F.2d at 126 (same for taxi driver license);
Dadanian, 856 F.2d at 1392 (same for poker club license); Murphy, 836 F.2d
at 250-254 (same for bingo license). Accordingly, none of those cases conflicts
with the holding that Louisiana video poker licenses represent a government
property right protected by the mail fraud statute.3
2. Relying on Neder v. United States, 119 S. Ct. 1827 (1999), petitioners
contend (Pet. 21-25; 99-939 Pet. 10-11) that the district court committed
plain error in failing to instruct the jury that a falsehood charged in
a mail fraud offense must be found to be material.4 The court of appeals
correctly declined to address that claim, since petitioners sought to raise
it for the first time in a supplemental brief filed eight days before the
court issued its decision. It is well settled that a defendant waives appellate
consideration of an issue raised for the first time in a reply or later
supplemental brief. See, e.g., Dunham v. Kisak, 192 F.3d 1104, 1110 (7th
Cir. 1999); United States v. Universal Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 191 F.3d 750,
759 (6th Cir. 1999); Orsini v. Wallace, 913 F.2d 474, 476 n.2 (8th Cir.
1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1128 (1991). Petitioners are not relieved
from their waiver because Neder was decided after oral argument in the court
of appeals. At the time the petitioners filed their initial brief on appeal,
there was a clear-cut conflict in the circuits on whether the materiality
of a charged falsehood is an element of mail or wire fraud. Compare, e.g.,
United States v. Slaughter, 128 F.3d 623, 629 (8th Cir. 1997); United States
v. Cochran, 109 F.3d 660, 667 n.3 (10th Cir. 1997) (materiality not an element),
with United States v. Rodriguez, 140 F.3d 163, 167 (2d Cir. 1998); United
States v. DeSantis, 134 F.3d 760, 764 (6th Cir. 1998) (materiality is an
element). Indeed, contrary to petitioner Cleveland's contention (Pet. 21),
the issue was an open one in the Fifth Circuit. See United States v. Moser,
123 F.3d 813, 825-827 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1035 (1997). In
light of that waiver, petitioners have not properly preserved that issue
for consideration by this Court.5
In any event, petitioners' claim is without merit because the district court
did give an adequate materiality instruction in connection with the mail
fraud counts. The theory of the government's case was that, in documents
filed with the State, petitioners concealed their ownership interests in
TSG, Ltd., and other information to avoid the State's suitability assessment.
The court instructed the jury that, in order to constitute a scheme to defraud,
an omission must be "reasonably calculated to deceive persons of ordinary
prudence and comprehension" and that it must "conceal[] a material
fact." R. App. 4407 (emphasis added). The jury was thus instructed
that it could find petitioners guilty of mail fraud based only on concealment
of material information.
CONCLUSION
The petitions for a writ of certiorari should be denied.
Respectfully submitted.
SETH P. WAXMAN
Solicitor General
JAMES K. ROBINSON
Assistant Attorney General
JOEL M. GERSHOWITZ
Attorney
FEBRUARY 2000
1 References to "Pet." and "Pet. App." are to No. 99-804
unless otherwise specified.
2 The court of appeals stated that "Maria Goodson and Attorney Cleveland
assert that a Louisiana video poker license is not 'property' for purposes
of the mail fraud statute." Pet. App. 19a. Petitioner Fred Goodson
unsuccessfully requested that the court of appeals modify its decision to
reflect that he too had raised the property/license issue on appeal from
the district court judgment. The government opposed that motion on the ground
that petitioner Goodson had not properly developed that argument under Federal
Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(i) and had improperly attempted to adopt
petitioner Cleveland's argument. The court of appeals denied petitioner
Goodson's motion and did not modify its decision. Thus, in the court below,
petitioner Goodson waived his opportunity to contend that the district court
had erred in rejecting petitioner Cleveland's argument that Louisiana video
poker licenses are not "property" within the ambit of the mail
fraud offense.
3 We note that the petition for a writ of certiorari in Salvatore, which
this Court denied, 522 U.S. 981 (1997), raised precisely the same claim
that petitioners raise here. The only decision cited by petitioners that
was decided since this Court denied certiorari in Salvatore is United States
v. Shotts, 145 F.3d 1289 (11th Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 119 S. Ct. 1111
(1999), and that case is readily distinguishable for the reasons given in
the text.
4 Petitioners invoke the plain error standard of review in light of their
failure to request a materiality instruction at trial. See Pet. 25 n.20;
99-939 Pet. 10 n.5.
5 Petitioner Cleveland cites (Pet. 22) several cases in which this Court
has granted the petition for certiorari, vacated the decision below, and
remanded for further consideration in light of intervening authority. In
each of those cases, however, the intervening authority had a crucial bearing
on an issue timely raised on direct appeal and addressed by the appellate
court.